Category: 2024 May-June MD

By Tami S. Scott

For Dr. Lin Wang, who practices general, laparoscopic, and robotic surgery, having a da Vinci® computer-enhanced surgical system at her disposal was critical in her decision-making to join the team at St. Peters Health Partners in Albany.

“If I could, I would spend most of my time in the operating room on the da Vinci,” said Wang, who is with St. Peter’s Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic, and General Surgery, a practice of St. Peter’s Health Partners Medical Associates. “I would not work at a place that did not have a robot.”

Those sentiments reflect the position of many surgeons who are now completing their residency programs fully trained in performing minimally invasive surgeries, including robotic procedures.

The benefits are vast for both doctors and patients – less complications, less scarring, and quicker recoveries.

The Capital Region is fortunate to be the home of two hospitals within St. Peter’s Health Partners to have secured five da Vinci surgical systems: four located at St. Peter’s Hospital in Albany and one at Samaritan Hospital in Troy.

St. Peter’s Hospital has been in the forefront of robotic surgery, being the first hospital in the Capital Region to acquire the technology in 2004.

Since then, St. Peter’s and Samaritan hospitals combined have performed the greatest number of robotic procedures in the Capital Region with more than 22,000 to date. Pioneers in this latest and most advanced type of minimally invasive surgery, they are also national leaders: St. Peter’s Hospital ranks in the top 1% of total robotic surgery volume across more than 2,400 hospitals in the United States.

So, what exactly is robotic surgery and how does it relate and differ from other minimally invasive surgeries such as laparoscopy and advanced endoscopy? First, minimally invasive surgeries are performed by making small incisions and with surgeons using a camera with console and long instruments to do the actual surgery. They have become more and more routine over the last 20 years.

“Probably the first progression from open surgery to minimally invasive surgery would have been laparoscopy,” said Dr. Nicholas Montalto, chief medical officer for acute care, St. Peter’s Health Partners. “The da Vinci robot, the computer-assisted surgery, is a progression from laparoscopy.”

The surgical system integrates robotics and extremely sophisticated computer technology with the skills of the surgeon. It allows the surgeon to perform delicate operations with great precision and maneuverability but requiring only tiny surgical openings.

“Because the robot allows us better dexterity, the camera can potentially allow us better visualization compared to minimally invasive,” Dr. Wang said. “Instead of seeing in two-dimensional image [like with laparoscopy, for instance], we have binocular vision when we work through the robot.”

Also, straight instruments with basic capabilities are replaced with the robot’s “extra wrist” that can “turn in a way that we wouldn’t normally be able to do with laparoscopic instruments,” she added. “I think for a lot of surgeons, it helps us to do certain dissections in a much more ergonomic way.”

Worthy to note is that the term “robotic” often misleads people to believe that the robot is performing the surgery.

“The machine doesn’t do anything that the surgeon isn’t doing,” Dr. Montalto said. “It’s computer-assisted surgery. The visualization is superior, and the movement of the instruments is superior.”

Robotic procedures encompass several different surgical specialty areas, such as general surgery, colorectal, gynecological oncology, gynecology, hepatobiliary and pancreatic, urology, and thoracic.

“It’s a wonderful tool that has improved laparoscopy tenfold with wristed instruments, with visualization, with postoperative recovery – I think it’s a wonderful tool for all of our patients,” said Dr. Barbara Brazis, chief of robotic surgery at St. Peter’s Health Partners.

She hopes administration throughout the country will make it a priority to find ways to make these surgeries accessible to all.

“The length of [hospital] stay is far decreased after robotic than open surgery and sometimes even laparoscopic. There are some specialties where you can take the length of stay from 10 days down to two days – that’s a huge savings for the hospital. Right there the robot would pay for itself,” Dr. Brazis said.

When asked if insurance companies can be a barrier for robotic procedures, Dr. Montalto said not anymore.

“About 10 years ago, especially in the gynecology field, there were a couple of insurance companies that would not pay for the surgery to be done robotically versus laparoscopically or open, because the literature didn’t show a definite advantage in terms of mortality or serious complications by using the robot,” Montalto said. “They didn’t consider that there was any advantage – that’s not the case anymore. I haven’t encountered that in years as robotics has become so popular … There’s a tremendous number of advantages from robotics that I think the insurance companies weren’t necessarily appreciating.”

In the field of gynecological oncology, robotic surgery has had a wide impact.

“Robotic surgery has dramatically improved gynecologic oncology care,” said Dr. Joyce Barlin, a surgeon with Women’s Cancer Care Associates in Albany. “Robotic surgery offers superior visualization along with articulation of instruments to assist in the challenging dissection often required for oncologic surgery.”

In fact, more patients are becoming knowledgeable about robotic procedures and how it can help them in the recovery process.

“Patients are often aware of robotic surgery prior to their initial consultation and are grateful that robotic surgery is available through our Women’s Cancer Care Associates practice at St. Peter’s Hospital,” Barlin said. “Most of our patients undergoing major surgery using the robotic platform are able to safely go home on the same day of surgery.”

Is robotic surgery the future for all surgeries?

Dr. Rebecca Keim, a general surgeon with St. Peter’s Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic, and General Surgery, specializes in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cases. She was already in practice when she chose to train in robotic surgery and now performs about 100 surgeries per year with the da Vinci. This estimate is in addition to about 150 laparoscopic cases she performs per year.

“As we have more time for robotics, people are switching more and more from laparoscopic to robotic if there’s availability to do so,” she said.

However, Dr. Keim still performs traditional open techniques, which tend to be “large cancer cases that aren’t amenable to robotics or are just too complex.” She explained the dual efforts of docking and undocking the robot when necessity calls. For example, if Dr. Keim is working with the da Vinci on a cancer case for hours due to a tumor factor and the surgical team is not progressing, they can simply undock the robot, she scrubs in, and they do the case bedside.

“There’s times, too, when you go back and forth,” Keim added. “There’s times when we come bedside, we take out a specimen like a tumor, and then we redock the robot again and finish the operation.”

“I don’t think that minimally invasive or robotic surgery could ever replace everything that we do open,” Dr. Wang said. “There’s always a role for open surgery. Again, depending on the situation, it tends to be for more emergent type situations, where there’s not time to dock a robot or get those instruments in. Open surgery will always be there as an option.”

Dr. Brazis also agreed that open surgery will always have a place in the operating room.

“First of all, there are some people who aren’t trained in robotics and some surgeries are deemed to require open surgery in some specialties … so open surgeries are still done very often,” she said.

Again, St. Peter’s and Samaritan hospitals have five da Vinci surgical robotic systems to date. Donors have helped play a crucial role in the program by providing philanthropic support for the purchase and use of the surgical systems at St. Peter’s Health Partners.

“More and more surgeons coming out of residency programs and fellowship programs are trained on the da Vinci robot versus 10 years ago when they weren’t,” Montalto said.

And if they’re not skilled in it but would like to be, there is a comprehensive training pathway that includes several components, including system orientation with Intuitive, the company that makes the da Vinci robot, as well as hands-on training, and a proctoring program.

Dr. Keim said she believes the future of surgery will involve training people who can perform open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgery, which will in turn extend the training periods.

“It’s a big paradigm shift and you really have to be facile at all techniques when taking care of patients,” Keim said.

She said she thinks hospital leaders understand the need to support surgeons who want to use robotics. Though there’s a significant expense, they will find a way financially that makes sense.

“I think in 10 years, the costs are going to drop because [robotics] is going to become so common. I think other companies are going to get in the mix and allow it to become more affordable, she said.

A drop in cost aligns more with Dr. Montalto’s way of thinking, which is that robotics is the future of all surgery.

“There are programs that have only robotic surgery – every single case is done robotically, and they run the robot 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year,” he said. “A goal for our program will be to do that also because one of the limitations of robotics is only being able to do it during business hours.” Staff on evenings and weekends may not be as proficient with robotics, so training all staff is vital for treating patients with the same opportunities for care.

“I think it doesn’t give the patient the optimal care if you can’t offer robotic surgery around the clock,” Dr. Montalto said. “The time of day shouldn’t matter.”

By: William Ecenbarger

Like most other organizations, healthcare facilities have moved toward total digitization. The major benefit of this change is that it has provided an efficient way of sharing patient records among healthcare professionals. Compared to paper-based records, electronic health records require less workforce, time, and physical storage.

However, this shift has created a new and growing risk: cyber-attacks that are compromising patient information, delaying patient procedures and tests, and rerouting ambulances to alternative emergency rooms.

“The health care sector is experiencing a significant rise in cyberattacks, putting patient safety at risk,” warns Andrea Palm, deputy secretary of the U.S. Departent of Health and Human Services. “These attacks expose vulnerabilities in our health care system, degrade patient trust, and ultimately endanger patient safety.”

The HHS Office for Civil Rights said the medical information of some 88 million Americans was exposed in the first 10 months of 2023. HHS also reported a 93 percent increase in large, healthcare-related cyber breaches between 2018 and 2022.

Much of the official concern is focused on breaches of patient privacy.

Healthcare institutions are a gold mine for cyber attackers. They hold huge amounts of information on patients–not just medical records, but also financial information, Social Security numbers, names and addresses. Moreover, unlike most businesses, they are open all the time–meaning, as the Seattle Times pointed out in a recent article, “they might be more likely to prioritize avoiding disruptions and, therefore, more likely to pay a hacker’s ransom.”

Geetha Thamilarasu, an associate professor of computing and software systems at the University of Washington and a specialist in health care security, said patients’ health information is valuable to cyber-attackers, who can use stolen medical records to buy bogus prescriptions, sell identity information online and file fraudulent insurance claims.

“There is a huge underground market on the dark web,” Thamilarasu told the Seattle Times. “Research shows that if a compromised credit card sells for about $1 to $5 each, a compromised medical record can sell anywhere from $400 to $500 — sometimes even $1,000.”

Moreover, anyone concerned about stolen Social Security numbers can enroll in a credit-monitoring agency, but patients have little recourse if their personal health information is stolen.

There are often hundreds of Internet-connected devices in a hospital, each of which may require a different type of security. “While an X-ray machine itself might not carry any patient data, it can act as an entry point for attackers trying to break into an organization’s broader network,” Thamilarasu said.

The American Hospital Association recently warned: “Health care organizations are particularly vulnerable and targeted by cyberattacks because they possess so much information of high monetary and intelligence value to cyber thieves. The targeted data includes patients’ protected health information (PHI), financial information like credit card and bank account numbers, personally identifying information (PII) such as Social Security numbers, and intellectual property related to medical research and innovation.”

John Riggi, the AHA’s Senior Advisor for Cybersecurity and Risk, said hospitals and other healthcare organizations constantly face attacks that can put patient safety at risk. “That’s why I advise hospital senior leaders not to view cybersecurity as a purely technical issue falling solely under the domain of their IT departments. Rather, it’s critical to view cybersecurity as a patient safety, enterprise risk and strategic priority and instill it into the hospital’s existing enterprise, risk-management, governance and business-continuity framework.”

Riggi, a former FBI cybersecurity specialist, urges hospitals to adopt “a culture of cybersecurity” that would result in staff members seeing themselves as “proactive defenders of patients and their data.”

“The cyber bad guys spend every waking moment thinking about how to compromise your cybersecurity procedures and controls. The best defense begins with elevating the issue of cyber risk as an enterprise and strategic risk-management issue. If possible, you should also dedicate at least one person full time to lead the information security program, and prioritize that role so that he or she has sufficient authority, status and independence to be effective. Furthermore, you and your team should receive regular updates on your organization’s strategic cyber risk profile and whether adequate measures are dynamically being taken to mitigate the constantly evolving cyber risk.”  

According to the healthcare news publication HealthcareDive, cyber-attacks exposed 385 million patient records from 2010 to 2022. though individual patient records could be counted multiple times. The HIPAA Journal says the number of healthcare data breaches has been increasing over the past 14 years. In 2023, 5,887 data breaches of 500 or more records were reported to the federal officials. In 2023, more than 540 organizations reported healthcare data breaches to HHS, affecting more than 112 million people.

Riggi said hospitals have been working to put in place better safeguards and more backup systems to prevent such attacks and respond to them when they occur. But he said it is almost impossible to make them completely safe, especially because the systems need to rely on Internet and network-connected technologies to share patient information among clinicians involved in a patient’s care. “Overall, that’s a good thing,” he said. “But it also expands our digital attack surface.”

The HHS recently released a cybersecurity strategy for the healthcare sector that includes these actions:

 –Publish voluntary healthcare sector cybersecurity performance goals to “help healthcare institutions plan and prioritize implementation of high-impact cybersecurity practices.”

 –Provide resources to “incentivize and implement cybersecurity practices.” HHS said it would work with Congress to obtain new authority and funding to administer financial support and incentives for domestic hospitals to implement high-impact cybersecurity practices.

–Implement an HHS-wide strategy to support greater enforcement and accountability. HHS will propose new enforceable cybersecurity standards.

–Expand and mature the one-stop shop within HHS for healthcare sector cybersecurity. This will “deepen HHS and the Federal government’s partnership with industry, improve access and uptake of government support and services, and increase HHS’s incident response capabilities.”

The AHA’s Riggi offered his expertise. “I am available to assist your organization in uncovering strategic cyber risk and vulnerabilities by conducting an in-depth cyber-risk profile, and by providing other cybersecurity advisory services such as risk mitigation strategies; incident response planning; vendor risk management review; and customized education, training and cyber incident exercises for executives and boards. Please contact me for more information at 202-626-2272 or jriggi@aha.org.